Effects of Colonial America Essay Example for Free

Effects of Colonial America Essay Despite the fact the regions of New England and the Chesapeake Bay were settled by people of English origin, the two areas evolved into two different societies. The changes in the formation of colonial America occurred because of the motivations for settlement, economic opportunities in the area, and the structure of towns and cities differed among the settlers. The New England colonies’ were established from the motivation of religious freedom and to cleanse the English church, while the Chesapeake region was settled to make a profit in the mother country, England. The New England colonies began with the settlement of the pilgrims likewise known as the Puritans. The Puritans first emerged in England, to escape religious persecution and to cleanse themselves of the corrupt English church the Puritans fled to the New England region The Puritans feared what the future of England held in store, so the majority of them immigrated with their families to New England all around the same time, which is known today as the great migration. This led the New England colonies to be primarily family based. On the other hand, the Chesapeake Bay colonies’ were founded quite differently. The Chesapeake settlers’ motivation in settlement was result of the poor economic conditions in England. Immigrants hoped for a better life and better economic standing in the new world. The majority of these immigrants were single men who came over as indentured servants, and served for five to seven years before being released as a free man. This in turn lead the Chesapeake region to be entirely male dominate. In addition to indentured servants, wealthy men also immigrated to the new world in hopes to find gold, but instead found an item worth far greater, tobacco. This discovery of tobacco in the fertile soils of the Chesapeake caused the complete dividing point in the foundation of the Chesapeake and the New English opportunities in the area. Because of the perfect conditions the area of the Chesapeake posed, tobacco became the largest profit for the mother county, England. Tobacco was known as the gold of Virginia, which was the first Chesapeake colony. England, having realized the importance of tobacco fought for control over these colonies and succeeded, making the Chesapeake apart of royal colonies of the New World. On the very contrast were the New England colonies that didn’t have the right condition to profit from the growing of tobacco, so instead wealthy merchants traded with the Indians to obtain furs and other needed items. This resulted in New England not to become targeted as a resource by England’s crown. Thus New England did not become part of the royal colonies such as the Chesapeake did. This in turn made the New England colonies more suitable for families to settle and establish homes and churches. With the immigration of families into the New England society, the establishment of towns and cities resulted in a stark contrast to the Chesapeake Bay colonies. Returning to the Puritan families, the settlement of groups of families caused towns and cities to be built, with the church creating religious principals. The living conditions made it ideal for families to reside and because of this birth rate and survival were higher in New England. The establishment of towns created a more stable foundation for the New England colonies. Never the less, the lack of families in the Chesapeake region caused a deficiency of towns to be built. This in return caused little social unity and no stable family life. Men outnumbered women in the region and the high death rate in this area caused large numbers of single men, widows, and orphans. Without the establishment of towns, large tobacco plantations became the soul of the Chesapeake. This resulted in very distinct societies of the Chesapeake and New England. All things considered, the contrast of the Chesapeake and New England societies is marked by motivation for settlement, thus shown in the types of immigrants’ beliefs. In addition, the area also gave a startling impact to how the land was settled, which resulted in the making of towns verses the running of large plantations. Even though the setters all came from the same place, these slight differences made a huge impact in the Chesapeake and New England colonies.

Essay Comparing Brave New World and The Giver -- comparison compare co

Comparing Brave New World and The Giver    When one examines the similarities between Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and The Giver by Lois Lowry, they may be baffled. They may think that Lowry just did a run off of Huxley's highly successful masterpiece. The similarities are extraordinary, but so are their differences. Many aspects of these novels are almost identical while others are completely foreign to each other. Both of these novels feature structured societies, but the societies are not the same. In Brave New World, there are no families or definite partners, but neither society believes in love or true family. The Giver has no specific caste system, but the members of their community do not have control of their own future; that is left to the elders of the community. Lastly are Jonas and John. They are basically the main characters and both endure severe inner troubles, but are they similar enough to make the novels similar?    In Brave New World, there is definitely a caste system of community members. Each level of society keeps to themselves. They work and live according to how they were conditioned. They do not have a certain ordinance on manners or behavior; they are promiscuous and, for the most part, outgoing. The characters in Brave New World do not know the meaning of the word love. They do not have the slightest inkling of what it is like to have a family; the ideas of parents and childbirth repulse them. The Giver has a society that believes in having families for stability, but they do not believe in love. The word is broad and meaningless. When Jonas asked his parents if they loved him, they laughed and told him to be more specific because language is everything. Do they enjoy him? Yes.... ...ves, and to my interpretation, dies. Both John and Jonas were not mentally equipped to handle the situations they were confronted with.    While many may not observe the similarities or differences in Brave New World and The Giver, they are quite obvious. While one society is repulsed at the past, the other simply erases it from memory and it is never spoken of. Neither society believes in love or family, but there are subtle differences in their beliefs. While The Giver has no definite caste system, they have certain procedures for levels of society. John and Jonas are similar characters who are confronted with inner turmoil and find their own way out. Brave New World and The Giver are wonderful works of art that are extremely close in storylines. Whether one believes that they are similar or different, it must be said that the resemblances are almost scary.

Intellectual and social development of infants Essay

Nature can influence a child’s intellectual development, by genetic inheritance, the child could have inherited Down syndrome, which could cause a later development with the children’s speech and language, Down syndrome can also affect the muscles for them to become weak. They can also develop behaviour issues, such as autism, stubbornness, tantrums, compulsive and obsessive disorders. Children with Down syndrome can also develop a brain disorder which can affect the memory, judgement and function in later life. Another genetic disorder that can affect a child’s intellectual development is Angelman syndrome. If a child has inherited Angelman syndrome this will affect the child’s nervous system. The characteristic that are affect by this condition can include, intellectual disability for example learning difficulties, looking after themselves and communicating. These genetic inheritances can affect the child’s learning skills and also the social skills for the child. Nurture can affect the child’s intellectual development, when the child is in school, the teacher might not be teaching the child the best way. This will affect the child’s learning skills. Another affect that nurture has on intellectual development would be the environment, if a child is brought up in crime, then there is a possibility that the child will grow up to commit crime. Another affect would be if the child parents do not spend time with the child after school, to help complete their homework then they can fall behind in lessons. Nature can affect a child’s social development, if the child has inherited Autism. People with Autism find it hard to build relationships with people. This will make it hard from them to communicate in school, with other children. Autistic people also have difficulty with their speech and language. They also prefer to be alone which can also affect the child’s social development. Nurture can affect the child’s social development, by the child brought up in an abuse family the child will have to look outside the family for stability and affection. The environment can affect social development. If the child interacts with people doing crime, the child will also be lead into crime in the future. An example of nurture which can affect the social development would be a boy 12-13 years who was found running around with wolves in France. When the child was brought back into society, he could not talk or walk and he never developed as a normal human being, this shows that if a child needs to be taught socially to develop in the right way. Physical and emotional development of adolescents Nature can affect adults physical development, Nurture can affect an adults physical development, by environmental influences such as; exposure to toxins, illnesses and being raised in poor living conditions can also affect physical development. Head injuries, infections, lead poisoning are few of the many environmental reasons for affected physical development. Another affect for physical development would be if an adult has been in a car accident, amputation may be needed; this will lead to the adult not being able to walk. Old age can also affect physical development, as the adult is getting older their muscles, bones and internal organs are becoming weaker. When they reach old age their muscles and bones, will become stiffer, this will affect their walking. Nature can affect adults emotional development, with the hormones in the adult body, the hormones can affect emotional development. For example people born with high levels of testosterone can become more courageous and aggressive, where as someone with extreme levels of estrogen will lead to sensitivity and emotion. Nurture can affect an adult’s emotional development, if a family or friend has passed away, this can affect the adults emotional development. Another affect for emotional development would be marriage and divorce,

Major Risk Factors Of Cardiovascular Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Methodology: An urban based descriptive, cross sectional, quantitative survey was conducted among 144 adolescent pupils of class XI and XII in one populace and one private higher secondary schools of Kathmandu territory. Students and schools were selected purposively. Datas were collected with the aid of semi structured ego administered questionnaire. Questionnaire was based on Likert graduated table. Data analysis was performed by utilizing SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Consequences: Overall 36.8 per centum of respondents had good cognition, 55.6 per centum had fair cognition and the left 7.6 per centum had hapless cognition sing the major hazard factors of CVDs. Beginnings of wellness information was found statistically important ( p=0.004 ) with the cognition of respondents. Sing overall attitude, the bulk ( 47.9 % ) had the impersonal attitude followed by positive ( 31.9 % ) and one fifth possessed negative attitudes. Knowledge versus attitude sing the major hazard factors of CVDs was found statistically important ( p=0.002 ) . Decision: Consequences of this survey revealed that good cognition every bit good as positive attitude towards major hazard factors of CVDs among the adolescent pupils is unsatisfactory. And socio demographic factors for good cognition and good cognition for the development of positive attitude dramas critical function. Cardinal words: Knowledge, Attitude, Major hazard factors, Cardiovascular diseases, AdolescentIntroductionCardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) are a group of upsets of the bosom and blood vessels.1 Surveies have shown that some people are at greater hazard of cardiovascular disease than others. Factors linked to an increased hazard of developing cardiovascular disease are heredity or household history, age, sex, baccy chewing/smoking, raised blood cholesterin degree, high blood force per unit area, physical inaction, inordinate intoxicant ingestion, corpulence and obesity.2 Although cardiovascular diseases typically occur in in-between age or subsequently, hazard factors are determined to a great extent by behaviors learned in childhood and continued into maturity, such as dietetic wonts and smoke. Throughout the universe, these hazards are get downing to look earlier. Physical activity decreases markedly in adolescence, peculiarly in misss. Obesity has increased well, non merely in Euro pe and North America, but besides in traditionally slight populations such as the Chinese and Japanese.3 By the clip that bosom jobs are detected, the implicit in cause ( coronary artery disease ) is normally rather advanced, holding progressed for decennaries. There is hence increased accent on forestalling coronary artery disease by modifying hazard factors, such as healthy feeding, exercising and turning away of smoking.4 More than half of the Nepali work forces and about one fifth of the Nepali adult females were found Current baccy users ( both fume and smokeless signifiers ) . And the average age of the start of smoke was found to be 18.8 old ages for work forces and 12.9 old ages for adult females. Similarly more than one 4th of the respondents were found to be current users of alcoholic drinks. Around 9 % of the population was found to hold reported prevalence of high BP as told by their wellness attention professional. And around 7 % in both sexes were identified fleshy whereas out of entire respondents, more than 80 % were found holding either one or more hazard factors.5 Bed tenancy rate of Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center was 85.61 % which was the 2nd highest among the cardinal infirmaries. And the instance burden of the in the same infirmary during Fiscal Old ages 2005 to 2008 was in increasing tendency by more than 14 % per year.6 CVDs are the taking cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.7 The South Asiatic states Nepal, India, Pakistan, Sri-Lanka and Bangladesh contribute most to the worldwide CVDs load. 8 In Nepal, it is estimated that 5.6 % of people populating in the mountains, 1.5 % in the hills and 5 % of people in the terai part suffer from CVDs. Five to 20 % of grownups are reported to endure from high blood pressure, with a lower prevalence in the rural countries. 9MethodologyAn urban based descriptive, cross sectional, quantitative survey was conducted among 15-19 old ages old adolescent pupils of Kathmandu territory. The survey was took topographic point after the blessing of research proposal by the research commission at the Department of Community Medicine and Family Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University. The questionnaire for the study was constructed taking mention of WHO STEPS Manual for chronic disease. To mensurate the peculiar and overall attitude widely utilizing Likert graduated table was applied. The questionnaire was prepared in Nepali, a local linguistic communication, so that pupils could understand easy. Questionnaire was pretested. Before the study conductivity intent of the survey was explained and informed consent was taken from school disposal every bit good as from the pupils. Schools and pupils were selected purposively. Selected both of the schools were from Maharajgunj vicinity of Kathmandu territory. Among the two schools selected, one was public ( Shivapuri Higher Secondary School ) and another was private ( Orient International College ) . All present pupils of one subdivision in each of class XI and XII were involved to make full up the ego administered semi structured questionnaire. Out of entire 492 pupils enrolled 144 ( 29.3 % of the sum ) were selected, 75 from grade XI and 69 from Twelve, for the survey. Data analysis was performed by utilizing SPSS 17.0 for Windows. To prove the statistical significance of cross tabulated in formations, non parametric chi-square trial was applied. Study took topographic point in November 2010.ConsequencesSocio demographic Features of the Study PopulationMedian age of the respondent was 17 old ages. Sexual activity ratio was 1.03 ( M: F ) . Brahmin/Chhetri possessed 47.9 per centum followed by Mongolians ( 26.4 % ) , Newar ( 19.4 % ) and other castes ( Majhi, Pariyar, Tharu etc ) possessed 6.3 per centum. Major faith was Hindu ( 84 % ) followed by Buddhism ( 11.8 % ) and 4.2 per centum were Christian. Most of the respondents ( 83.3 % ) belonged to middle category household followed by higher category ( 14.5 % ) and 2.08 per centum were from lower category household. 20.8 per centum of respondents ‘ male parent and 46.5 per centum respondents ‘ female parent had no formal instruction at all. Service, agribusiness, concern and homemaker were the major businesss of the respondent ‘s parents. Sing the question whether they had of all time known anyone ( fam ily/friends/relatives ) diagnosed as CVD. Remarkable per centum ( 42.4 % ) was responded as â€Å" yes † . Similarly sing the question about chief beginning of wellness information, the bulk ( 44.5 % ) were responded that they were acquiring the wellness information from electronic media ( Television, Radio, Internet ) followed by Family/friends/health worker ( 28.4 % ) and from publishing media such a newspaper, curricular books etc. ( 27.1 % ) .Knowledge sing the major hazard factorsThe highest 91.7 per centum respondents identified baccy chew/ fume as a hazard factor followed by inordinate intoxicant ingestion ( 88.9 % ) , fatty/oily/ high cholesterin ( 87.5 % ) , high BP ( 86.1 % ) , obesity/overweight ( 69.4 % ) , physical inaction ( 59.7 % ) , old age ( 52.8 % ) and the respondents who identified heredity as a hazard factor of CVDs was 48.6 per centum.Knowledge rating sing the CVD hazard factorsTable 1 shows that the highest ( 55.6 % ) had the just cognition followed by good cognition ( 36.8 % ) and 7.6 per centum had hapless cognition.Table 1: Knowledge rating sing the CVD hazard factors ( N= 144 )Knowledge GradingNumber ( n )Percent ( % )Poor ( & lt ; 4 right response ) Fair ( 4 – 5 right response ) Good ( & gt ; 5 right response ) Entire 11 80 53 144 7.6 55.6 36.8 100.0Analysis of cognition by socio-demographic features of respondentsFindingss show that good cognition was higher in males ( 42.5 % ) than the females ( 31.0 % ) . Majority of respondents of Newar ethnics ( 53.6 % ) possessed good cognition than that of other ethnics. Good cognition was found highest among respondents of higher category household ( 38.1 % ) followed by in-between category ( 36.7 % ) and lower category household ( 33.3 % ) . Findingss besides show respondent ‘s good cognition was higher among them whose parent ‘s educational position was high. Good cognition was found higher ( 41.0 % ) among those respondents who had of all time known person diagnosed as CVDs. Those who had responded household friends/health works every bit chief beginning of wellness information had higher good cognition ( 43.9 % ) and it is statistically important ( p=0.004 ) at 5 per centum of significance degree.Attitude sing major hazard factors:Attitude of respondents sing the maj or hazard factors of CVDs were assessed through already pretested eight attitudes proving statements based on the Likert graduated table. Sing the statement â€Å" CVD is an old age job so I do n't care † two 3rd ( 66.7 % ) of the respondents showed their strongly dissension followed by dissension ( 18.1 % ) . Sing the statement â€Å" CVD is either heredity job or non, I do n't care † bulk ( 55.6 % ) of respondents showed their strongly dissension followed by dissension ( 22.9 % ) . Similarly, sing the statement â€Å" High BP is a minor job so no demand to worry about † 30.6 per centum of respondents showed their strongly dissension every bit good as dissension followed by understanding ( 21.5 % ) . Sing the statement â€Å" Majority of physically inactive people get CVD † 46.5 per centum of respondents showed their understanding followed by strongly understanding ( 25 % ) . Likewise, attitude sing the statement â€Å" Tobacco chewing/smoking cause CVD ; non certain † 35.4 per centum of respondents showed their strongly dissension followed by dissension ( 26.4 % ) . Similarly, attit ude sing the statement â€Å" Over weight: godown of diseases/CVD † more than half ( 52.1 % ) of respondents showed their understanding followed strongly understanding ( 26.4 % ) . Sing the statement â€Å" Fatty diet taking old people are still alive † more than one 3rd ( 34.7 % ) of respondents showed their dissension followed by strongly disagreement ( 29.2 % ) . Similarly, sing the statement â€Å" Consumption of inordinate intoxicant is to ask for CVD † 42.4 per centum of respondents showed their understanding followed by strongly understanding ( 41.7 % ) .Attitude rating sing CVD hazard factorsTable 2 shows that the highest ( 47.9 % ) had the impersonal attitude followed by positive ( 31.9 % ) and 20.1 per centum had negative attitude.Table 2: Attitude rating sing CVD hazard factors ( N=144 )Knowledge GradingNumber ( n )Percent ( % )Negative ( & lt ; 4 positive response ) Neutral ( 4-5 positive response ) Positive ( & gt ; 5 positive response ) Entire 29 69 46 144 20.1 47.9 31.9 100.0Knowledge versus attitude sing CVD hazard factorsTable 3 shows that respondents holding hapless cognition had highest ( 54.5 % ) negative attitude whereas respondents holding just cognition had the highest impersonal ( 53.8 % ) attitude and those holding good cognition had the highest positive attitude toward the major hazard factors of CVDs and it is besides statistically important ( p= 0.002 ) at 5 per centum of significance degree.Table 3: Knowledge versus attitude sing CVD hazard factorsCognition Attitude sing CVD hazard factorsNegativeImpersonalPoor Carnival Good 6 ( 54.5 ) 17 ( 21.3 ) 6 ( 11.3 ) 4 ( 36.4 ) 43 ( 53.8 ) 22 ( 41.5 )DiscussionFindingss suggested that adolescent pupils lack overall cognition sing the major hazard factors of cardiovascular diseases and are consistent with the survey conducted among the pupils of classs ( 9-12 ) from four high schools of Michigan, USA in 2005.10 The figure of respondents who knew high blood force per unit area as hazard factor ( 86.1 % ) was lower ( over 91 % ) , baccy chewing/smoking ( 91.7 % ) was slight more ( over 90 % ) , physically inactive ( 59.7 % ) was lower ( over 72 % ) than reported by Richard Frost, MD, in an survey conducted in pupils of State University of New York at Plattsburgh in 2006. 11 The figure of respondents who had shown positive attitude sing the hazard factors such as physically inactive ( 71.5 % ) was lower ( over 88 % ) , baccy chewing/smoking ( 61.8 % ) was higher ( over 55 % ) , high fatso, oily/cholesterol diet ( 63.9 % ) was lower ( over 91 % ) than that of reported by Aysha Almas et Al. in an survey conducted in University pupils of Karanchi, Pakistan in 2005. 12 The findings of the survey show that boys possessed more â€Å" good cognition † than misss. This difference can partially be explained by the patriarchal society where gender favoritism is prevailing. Normally male childs have higher chance to have information as they are more open to the outer universe than that of misss. The findings of the survey stress the influence of socio demographic variables on the degree of cognition. Knowledge sing major hazard factors varied among different cultural groups. Respondents belonging to Newar ethnics had highest â€Å" good cognition † followed by Brahmin/Chhetri, Mangolian and others severally. This may be due to Newars are locals of capital metropolis and Brahmins/Chhetri are frontward advantageous group since antediluvian. In instance of parents educational position highest good cognition was observed in respondents holding their parent ‘s educational position higher. And the lowest cognition was observed in respondents holding their parent ‘s educational position as no formal instruction. Therefore it can be said that parent ‘s instruction has decidedly played some function in the respondents ‘ cognition. It may be because educated parents might hold taught their offspring about the healthful behaviours. Sing the chief beginning of wellness information good cognition was found highest ( 43.9 % ) among the human resource users followed by publishing media ( 30.7 % ) and electronic media ( 28.1 % ) . This might be due to easy handiness of fee suggestions in our society by people. Positive attitude among the respondents who preferred the printing media as chief beginning of wellness information was found higher. It might be due to in depth information that we can acquire from printed stuffs such as newspaper, books etc. Finding of Knowledge versus attitude cross tabular matter besides shows that those who had higher cognition possessed positive attitude and frailty versa. This might be due to the demand of cognition for the attitude formation.decisionConsequences of the survey show that good cognition and positive attitude sing the major hazard factors of CVDs among the adolescent pupils of Kathmandu territory are unsatisfactory. And socio demographic factors for the development of good cognition and good cognition for the development of positive attitude dramas critical function. Due to the altering life manner of Nepali people these yearss, they are more susceptibleness to life manner related diseases like CVDs. Therefore to forestall CVDs, timely acceptance of healthful wonts are most and the really age group for this is the stripling. Adolescent centered activities that can raise cognition and develop positive attitude towards hazard factors so that healthful wonts can be formed are strongly rec ommended.recognitionI would wish to show my sincere gratitude to the Department of Community Medicine and Family Health, Institute of Medicine for supplying me an chance to carry on this research work. I would besides wish to widen my profound gratitude to my research supervisor Associate Prof. Dr. Rajendra Raj Wagle for his nonstop counsel and punctilious redaction of faux pass.

Distribution Decision essays

Distribution Decision essays In assessing distribution strategies for the companys human resources applications its critical to keep in mind that as a small and relatively unknown software developer, gaining the attention of software distributors is going to be a daunting and potentially very expensive strategy. Keeping in mind that software distributors have literally hundreds if not thousands of software companies approaching them to sell their applications, its clear that the competition in the software distributor channel is daunting. To get a software distributor to resell the human resources applications, inordinately high gross margins will also have to be offered to compensate for the lack of awareness of the brand. Further, there is no assurance the software distributors will work to understand the specifics of the application itself as well. The bottom line is that relying on software distributors is going to be quite expensive, time-consuming and could easily drain essential resources in the compa ny. Selling over the Internet would allow for global distribution literally overnight and more control of selling and support costs. Most importantly, selling directly over the Internet ensures the positioning and value of the software is communicated correctly. Conversely, software distribution would provide an opportunity to gain greater brand exposure and brand development opportunities. Further, developing software distribution relationships is often a lengthy process which can lead to meeting many other comparable smaller companies, in addition to distributors willing to take a chance on a new and unknown application. Software distributors can be source of long-term knowledge and insight not accessible anywhere else. ...

Grow Calcium Chloride Crystals

Grow Calcium Chloride Crystals   Its easy to grow calcium chloride crystals. The crystals are thin, six-sided needles that catch the light so that they seem to glow from within. Materials calcium chloride - CaCl2 water - H2O Although you may not know it, you probably have calcium chloride in your home. This salt is used in moisture control products, such as DampRid, and in salt to remove ice from sidewalks. If you use road salt, check the label to make sure its calcium chloride and not another chemical. You can also order calcium chloride online. Grow Crystals The procedure for growing calcium chloride crystals is essential the same as growing table salt crystals or those of any salt.   Heat water to a full rolling boil. The solubility of any salt is highly dependent on temperature.Stir in calcium chloride until it stops dissolving. If you like, you can filter the solution into a new container, discarding any remaining solids.Place the container with the solution in a place where it wont be disturbed. Let the crystals grow. Tips Ordinarily you can remove crystals and preserve them, but calcium chloride is so hygroscopic, taking the crystals out and leaving them in open air will lead to degradation within hours. Its best to appreciate these crystals in their solution.Calcium chloride crystals are naturally colorless. You can try to color the crystals by adding food coloring to the crystal growing solution.One easy way to grow these crystals is simply to leave a container of DampRid hanging in your home or vehicle. Eventually the conditions will become right for crystal formation.

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example An understanding of the philosophical premises behind Property rights are necessary in the understanding of the tug of war between the owners and the users of intangible information.1 Legal Commentators have often expressed their doubts as to whether these rights are actually rights or privileges as Machlup and Penrose have noted:2 " ... those who started to use the word property in connection with inventions had a very definite purpose in mind they wanted to substitute a word with a respectable connotation, 'property', for a word that had an unpleasant ring, 'privilege'." Intellectual property as a "property" thus is an intangible category of property with boundaries that are not always clear cut and which must be actively defended by the holder against infringements. 3 Tangible property is however visible and documented, and the boundaries are more easily given than for intellectual property.4 The law has developed to protect a person who holds certain intellectual property will be able to defend this property only if he/she is granted a particular right over this property. For example in relation to patents the rights are defined by the patent authorities based on what is defined in the patent claims.Like other property (tangible) one has to pay certain fees in order to have their "intellectual" property claim examined and determined and also of continuance fees paid.5 The concept of property rights thus stems from the ideas of John Locke.6Furthermore the notions of property rights developed in the 18th century as one of the core civil rights parallel to-and mutually reinforcing-the right to liberty.7However, most philosophers have put forward the notion that property is not a natural right but rather a deliberate construction by society in order to secure protection against pressure from the collective.8 Subscribing to the view that property is justified as a foundation for liberty and personal security which provides incentives for long-term investments.Also that if these rights are not balanced or protected they will affect economic growth and poverty reduction.as unpredictable property relationships always impeded impede economic growth.9Revisiting the tangible and intangible discussion between property it can be seen that it has been argues that while tangible property rights easily cause conflict this is not the case with as the popular notion with in the case law is that "no patent can stop a person from continuing something he has done before"10.However the problem arises before the courts when the patent claims do not just include what is actually new and invented and this causes problems in identifying what is known and whether existing processes and products would infact infringe the patent.There is a marked certainity thus despite the legal framework with regard to which a ctivities are acceptable and which activities might infringe the patent. A granted patent right is considered to fall within the scope of "possessions" inArticle 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights andFundamental Freedoms. However, the European Court of Human Rights has declined to give an opinion on whether a patent application